Note: This is Part 2 of a series on music. You can read Part 1 here.
Whenever there’s a question of how the Lord wants us to approach any area of our lives, the place we should always start is with the Bible. We need to know what it actually says about the issue itself, rather than starting out making statements (in this case, about music) and looking for proof texts for those statements. With that in mind, I looked at every verse in the Bible with the word “music” in it. I also looked at every verse I could find that contained a reference to musical instruments. I was looking for all the commands regarding music as well as positive examples that would give an idea of the kind of music the Lord found acceptable. You can find a partial verse list at the end of this post. (I omitted anything obviously redundant.) My goal was to get as complete a picture as possible of what music truly pleases the Lord.
Here’s what I found. First, there are many, many commands to praise the Lord through music, but the type of music is mostly unspecified. The only instructions on musical style are that our worship should be skillful, loud, and joyful. I couldn’t find any verses about where the accents should fall in the measure, appropriate chord progressions, whether or not harmony was acceptable, etc. Here are some examples:
And David spake to the chief of the Levites to appoint their brethren to be the singers with instruments of musick, psalteries and harps and cymbals, sounding, by lifting up the voice with joy. –I Chronicles 15:16
Sing unto him a new song; play skilfully with a loud noise. –Psalm 33:3
If we take the list of instruments mentioned in the Bible as being used for worship, this is what we see: timbrels (tambourines), trumpets, harps, psaltries (similar to lyres), instruments of ten strings, cymbals, and “organs” (which are probably closer to pipes or reed instruments–according to Strong’s the word has to do with breath, and the ESV translates this “pipe”). Either you can say that these are the only approved instruments (which would therefore exclude pianos, pipe organs, violins, etc. from use in worship since they’re never mentioned), or you could take these as representative of the kinds of instruments allowed by God. And if you’re willing to take that position, notice that we have examples of all the major types of instruments: percussion (cymbals and timbrels), strings (harps, psaltries, instruments of ten strings), “brass” (although, they would have used animal horns in Bible times) (trumpets), and woodwinds (organs). I have a very difficult time thinking that our modern equivalents of these are somehow unacceptable or unholy in any way.
So, where does that leave us at this point? We are called to praise the Lord skillfully, loudly, and joyfully using all manner of instruments. There is nothing in the Bible that forbids four part harmony, or a back beat, or a blues scale, etc. And if we’re going to be completely honest, an acoustic guitar and a high hat (the cymbals in a traditional drum kit) probably sound closer to Bible times instruments than what we think of as “traditional” organ or piano music.
I can hear chins hitting desk tops in horror.
We have a visceral reaction to this, or a lot of us do. Why is that? Well, I think Lynn put it perfectly in her comment on Part 1:
Our music should glorify God, and how can God be glorified in music that sounds like and has all the trappings of the world’s music? If a church has what looks like a rock band, women in tight jeans gyrating on stage, men with shaggy long hair and piercings and tattoos “rocking for Jesus” how does it glorify God?
It doesn’t. We hate the idea of high hats and guitars because of what we associate with high hats and guitars: women disobeying God’s call to modesty (1 Timothy 2:9), men disobeying God’s teaching that long hair is a shame for a man (1 Corinthians 11:14), piercings and tattoos looking frighteningly like those “cuttings” and “marks” the children of Israel weren’t supposed to make in their flesh (Leviticus 19:28).
We see this as a total package, and for many of us, it’s a package we want nothing to do with. It’s all wrapped up in the filthy, rotting sin of the secular music world: drugs, promiscuity, immodesty, foul language, women throwing their panties, idolatrous worship of god-like rock stars. It isn’t really the music itself that so deeply offends the conservative spirit but what the music reminds us of.
It is absolutely true that many of these instruments, beat patterns, and chord progressions have been used by the world in recent times expressly for the purpose of communicating rebellion and sensuality. Music is a language. It does have the power to convey emotions, and I hope to get into this in a lot more depth in Part 3. My purpose here is simply to point out that when we recoil in disgust from this type of music, we are doing so because of the sinfulness that our culture has paired with it, not because there is anything in the Bible that specifically forbids any of the musical elements themselves.
But what about the fact that those “unforbidden” musical elements came straight out of pagan African musical traditions brought over by the slaves? Aren’t the rhythms themselves inherently evil? The African roots of modern jazz and rock seem to be a pretty non-disputed fact of music history. This article at Way of Life is an especially well researched (and chilling!) collection of quotes detailing exactly that, and at first reading something of this sort, I think the natural reaction of most Christians is to say, “Whoa! Jazz and rock and roll are just one step removed from voodoo ceremonies. Let’s run the other way as fast as we can.” (Note: sadly, days after I published this post, this article disappeared from the Way of Life site. I do not know why. I am trying to find an article of a similar caliber to replace my link with.) But here’s an odd question, where are you going to go? Most of our “safe, wholesome” Western music also has pagan roots.
The ancient Greeks and Romans were pagans. The Germans–pagan. The Brittans–pagan, too. The Celts–yup, really pagan. In fact, if you wanted to have an “Evil-Off” to decide who was more pagan, the African witch doctors or the Druids, I think you’d be hard-pressed to pick a winner. So why is there no movement among Christians to abolish all Celtic influence from our music? My hymn books says that Be Thou My Vision is an “ancient Irish Melody,” and yet I never heard of anyone being concerned about that. Why not? I truly think it’s because this is not the sound we associate with the evil of our day.
To illustrate what I mean, let me ask you this: how do you feel about harp or organ music at church?
The desire to avoid musical elements that we associate with sin is not at all new. It goes back to the foundations of the church, back when it wasn’t the drum kit of Satan that Christians feared, it was his harp and later his organ. Paganism, focus on entertainment, and worrisome associations with other religions have plagued church music for as long as there have been Christians to be troubled by it. The Interactive Bible has a fascinating list of quotes from early church fathers, historians, reformers, and other famous church leaders down through history detailing Christendom’s hate affair with the music of the world. (A big thank you to Mr. and Mrs. Alfano for sharing this site with me.) Here are some highlights:
AUGUSTINE “musical instruments were not used. The pipe, tabret, and harp here associate so intimately with the sensual heathen cults, as well as with the wild revelries and shameless performances of the degenerate theater and circus, it is easy to understand the prejudices against their use in the worship.” (Augustine 354 A.D., describing the singing at Alexandria under Athanasius)
ERASMUS “We have brought into our churches certain operatic and theatrical music; such a confused, disorderly chattering of some words as I hardly think was ever in any of the Grecian or Roman theatres. The church rings with the noise of trumpets, pipes, and dulcimers; and human voices strive to bear their part with them. Men run to church as to a theatre, to have their ears tickled. And for this end organ makers are hired with great salaries, and a company of boys, who waste all their time learning these whining tones.” (Erasmus, Commentary on I Cor. 14:19)
CALVIN “Musical instruments in celebrating the praises of God would be no more suitable than the burning of incense, the lighting of lamps, and the restoration of the other shadows of the law. The Papists therefore, have foolishly borrowed, this, as well as many other things, from the Jews. Men who are fond of outward pomp may delight in that noise; but the simplicity which God recommends to us by the apostles is far more pleasing to him.” (John Calvin, Commentary on Psalms 33)
LUTHER “The organ in the worship is the insignia of Baal.” (Martin Luther, Mcclintock & Strong’s Encyclopedia Volume VI, page 762)
There is historical precedent for eschewing anything that reminds us of the music of the world. But something about it bothers me. Here’s the thing. God does not change. Is harp music wrong?
Praise the LORD with harp: sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of ten strings. –Psalm 33:2
If harp music were inherently sinful, God would not specifically command His people to praise Him with it. Christians of years past got around this by saying that harps were OK for the Jews but not for Christians (you can read quotes about this on the Interactive Bible site), but the Bible never says this. There is no indication that God has musical standards that change from culture to culture.
However, the Bible does say that we are to be separate.
Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness? And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? And what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you… –2 Corinthians 6:14-17
We are not to love the world and the things that are in the world (1 John 2:15). We are right in wanting to be holy, set apart, different from the world, reflecting an identity as citizens of heaven and worshipers of the Lord Jesus Christ, not as sensual pagans and worshipers of demons and idols.
But how do we do that without adding rules to Scripture, rules that will change with every generation as the paganism of the day rears its demonic head in one musical form or another? Stay tuned for Part 3, in which I’m planning to finally share my extremely unusual convictions on this subject.
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Partial Verse List on Music and Instruments in the Bible:
Exo 15:20 And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances.
Exo 15:21 And Miriam answered them, Sing ye to the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously; the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea.
1Ch 15:16 And David spake to the chief of the Levites to appoint their brethren to be the singers with instruments of musick, psalteries and harps and cymbals, sounding, by lifting up the voice with joy.
1Ch 25:1 Moreover David and the captains of the host separated to the service of the sons of Asaph, and of Heman, and of Jeduthun, who should prophesy with harps, with psalteries, and with cymbals: and the number of the workmen according to their service was:
1Ch 25:3 Of Jeduthun: the sons of Jeduthun; Gedaliah, and Zeri, and Jeshaiah, Hashabiah, and Mattithiah, six, under the hands of their father Jeduthun, who prophesied with a harp, to give thanks and to praise the LORD.
1Ch 25:7 So the number of them, with their brethren that were instructed in the songs of the LORD, even all that were cunning, was two hundred fourscore and eight.
2Ch 5:12 Also the Levites which were the singers, all of them of Asaph, of Heman, of Jeduthun, with their sons and their brethren, being arrayed in white linen, having cymbals and psalteries and harps, stood at the east end of the altar, and with them an hundred and twenty priests sounding with trumpets:)
2Ch 5:13 It came even to pass, as the trumpeters and singers were as one, to make one sound to be heard in praising and thanking the LORD; and when they lifted up their voice with the trumpets and cymbals and instruments of musick, and praised the LORD, saying, For he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever: that then the house was filled with a cloud, even the house of the LORD;
2Ch 5:14 So that the priests could not stand to minister by reason of the cloud: for the glory of the LORD had filled the house of God.
Psa 33:2 Praise the LORD with harp: sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of ten strings.
Psa 33:3 Sing unto him a new song; play skilfully with a loud noise.
Psa 81:2 Take a psalm, and bring hither the timbrel, the pleasant harp with the psaltery.
Psa 81:3 Blow up the trumpet in the new moon, in the time appointed, on our solemn feast day.
Psa 81:4 For this was a statute for Israel, and a law of the God of Jacob.
Psa 103:3 Praise him with the sound of the trumpet: praise him with the psaltery and harp.
Psa 150:4 Praise him with the timbrel and dance: praise him with stringed instruments and organs (According to Strong’s, organ here probably means a reed instrument. The word has to do with blowing. The ESV translates it “pipe.”)
Psa 150:5 Praise him upon the loud cymbals: praise him upon the high sounding cymbals.
Psa 150:6 Let every thing that hath breath praise the LORD. Praise ye the LORD.
1Co 14:7 And even things without life giving sound, whether pipe or harp, except they give a distinction in the sounds, how shall it be known what is piped or harped?
1Co 14:8 For if the trumpet give an uncertain sound, who shall prepare himself to the battle?
Eph 5:19 Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord;
Col 3:16 Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord.